The Great Terror

146. National Geographic, December 1944.

147. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p. 253.

148. Ibid., p. 268.

149. National Geographic, December 1944.

150. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 38.

151. Izvestiya, 9 September 1988.

152. Kravchenko, I Chose Freedom, pp. 405–6.

153. Swianiewicz, Forced Labour and Economic Development, p. 39.

154. Karl Marx manuscript (Bolshevik, nos. 5–6 [1932]).

155. Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb, Soviet Communism: A New Civilization, 2nd ed. (London, 1937), p. 585.

156. Alexander Weissberg, Conspiracy of Silence (London, 1952), p. 321.

157. Engineer Pobozhy, in Novyy mir, August 1964; Komsomolskaya pravda, 17 May 1988, 18 January 1989.

158. Ekart, Vanished Without a Trace, p. 259.

159. Swianiewicz, Forced Labour and Economic Development, passim.

160. Pobozhy, in Novyy mir, August 1964.

161. Naum Jasny, cited in Swianiewicz, Forced Labour and Economic Development, pp. 193–94.

162. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, p. 250.

163. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p. 198.

164. Shelest, “Kolyma Notes.”

165. Dark Side of the Moon, p. 161.

166. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 10.

167. Dark Side of the Moon, p. 97.

168. Christopher Hill, ed., Rights and Wrongs (London, 1969).

169. L. Gouré, The Siege of Leningrad (Oxford, 1962). More detail is given in Dmitri V. Pavlov, Leningrad and the Blockade (Chicago, 1965).

170. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

, p. 28.

171. Ibid., pp. 84–85.

172. Ibid., p. 86.

173. Ibid., p. 69.

174. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 7.

175. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 71.

176. Ibid., p. 99.

177. Ibid., p. 140.

178. Ibid., pp. 18–19.

179. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, p. 235.

180. Ekart, Vanished Without a Trace, p. 227.

181. Lengyel, From Beginning to End, p. 37.

182. Ibid., pp. 37–38.

183. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 81.

184. For example, Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, pp. 168–69.

185. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 72.

186. Herling, World Apart, pp. 56–57.

187. Swianiewicz, Forced Labour and Economic Development, p. 296.

188. Ibid., p. 297.

189. Ibid., p. 224.

190. Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union, p. 38.

191. Herling, World Apart, p. 41.

192. Gorbatov, Years Off My Life, p. 130.

193. Lengyel, From Beginning to End, p. 15.

194. Ibid., p. 17; see also Herling, World Apart, p. 150.

195. F. Beck and W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession (London, 1951), p. 76.

196. Livre blanc sur les camps de concentration soviétiques (Paris, 1952), p. 144.

197. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice

, p. 259.

198. P. J. de la F. Wiles, quoted in Swianiewicz, Forced Labour and Economic Development, p. 17.

199. Lipper, Eleven Years in Soviet Prison Camps, p. 232.

200. Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, p. 78.

201. Roy Medvedev, Let History Judge (New York, 1971), p.45; Sakharov, Progress, Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom, p. 55.

202. Mosa Pijade (Yugoslav Politburo member), speech of 1 August 1951 (Vladimir Dedijer, Tito Speaks [London, 1953], p. 201).

203. Nedelya, no. 41 (1988).

204. Moscow News, no. 44 (1988).

205. Aleksandr Tvardovsky, “Tyorkin in the Other World,” Izvestiya, 18 August 1963.

Chapter 12: The Great Trial

1. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochineniy, 5th ed. (Moscow, 1964), vol. 53, Biographical Notes.

2. Ibid.

3. Peter Yakir, “Letter to the Editor of Kommunist,” 2 March 1969, translated in Survey, nos. 70–71 (1969).