The Great Terror

47. Ogonek, no. 39 (1989).

48. F. N. Petrov, M. V. Frunze (Moscow, 1962).

49. Malaya sovetskaya entsyklopediya (Moscow, 1933–47), vol. 5.

50. See Survey, April-June 1961, p. 89.

51. Victor Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary, 1901–1941 (London, 1963), p. 269.

52. Pravda, 17 May 1937.

53. Vera T. Reck, Boris Pilnyak (Montreal, 1975), p. 2.

54. Moscow News, no. 48 (1988).

55. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, pp. 220, 308; Ehrenburg, Men, Years, Life, vol. 4, pp. 185–86.

56. Reck, Boris Pilnyak, p. 2.

57. Alexander Orlov, The Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes (New York, 1953), P. 196.

58. Mikhail Koltsov kakim on byl

(Moscow, 1965), p. 75.

59. Simon Wolin and Robert M. Slusser, The Soviet Secret Police (New York, 1957), p. 187.

60. Margarete [Buber] Neumann, Under Two Dictators (London, 1949), p. 115.

61. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 237.

62. Nikolai Klyuev, Sochineniya (n.p., 1969), vol. 1, pp. 148–50.

63. Na rubezhe, nos. 3–4 (1952).

64. Literaturnaya gazeta, 11 December 1964.

65. Ehrenburg, Men, Years, Life, vol. 4, p. 191.

66. Bol’ shaya sovetskaya entsyklopediya, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 1949–58), vol. 2.

67. Voprosy literatury, November 1964.

68. Robert Conquest, The Harvest of Sorrow (New York, 1986), passim.

69. Hrihory Kostiuk, Stalinist Rule in the Ukraine (Munich, 1960), pp. 101–2.

70. Pisateli Kazakhstana (Alma-Ata, 1969).

71. Revolyutsiya i natsional’ nosti

, no. 8 (1937).

72. N. A. Zabolotskiy, Stikhotvoreniya i poemy (Moscow and Leningrad, 1965), p. 37.

73. Times Literary Supplement, 9 October 1981; Pamyat’, no. 5 (1981), pp. 336–53; Kazakhstanskaya pravda, 26 August 1988.

74. Pavel Antolkolsky, in Novyy mir, no. 4 (1966).

75. Marina Tsvetaeva, lzbrannye proizvedeniya, intro. V. Orlov (Moscow and Leningrad, 1964).

76. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, quoted in Survey, no. 64 (July 1967).

77. Mandelshtam, Hope Against Hope, pp. 3, 372, 377, 380–81, 385, 391; Literaturnaya gazeta, 15 June 1988.

78. Ehrenburg, Men, Years, Life, vol. 4, p. 190.

79. Kazakhstanskaya pravda, 26 August 1988.

80. Priscilla Johnson, Khrushchev and the Arts (Cambridge, Mass., 1965), pp. 13–14.

81. Mladost

, 2 October 1957.

82. Mandelshtam, Hope Against Hope, p. 364.

83. Dmitri Shostakovich, Testimony: The Memoirs of Dmitry Shostakovich (New York, 1979), p. 121.

84. Zarya vostoka, 28 June 1963.

85. D. J. Dallin and B. I. Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union (London, 1948), p. 22.

86. Nikolai A. Gorchakov, The Theater in Soviet Russia (New York, 1957).

87. Eugenia Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind (New York, 1967), p. 267.

88. Pravda, 8 January 1938.

89. Yuri [George] Annenkov, Dnevnik moikh vstrech (New York, 1966), vol. 2, p. 97.

90. Gorchakov, Theater in Soviet Russia; Literaturnaya gazeta, 27 June 1988.

91. Sovetskaya Rossiya, 15 February 1989.

92. Teatral’ naya entsyklopediya (Moscow, 1961).

93. Annenkov, Dnevnik moikh vstrech, p. 98; see also Dallin and Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union

, p. 123.

94. E. A. Gnedin, Vykhod iz labarinta (New York, 1982), p. 194.

95. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 33.

96. Zarya vostoka, 19 November 1961.

97. Kazakhstanskaya pravda, 26 August 1988.

Chapter 11: In the Labor Camps

1. Bertrand Russell, Introduction to Gustaw Herling, A World Apart (London, 1951).

2. M. Z. Nikonov Smorodin, Krasnaya katorga (Sofia, 1938).

3. Sylvestre Mora and Pierre Zwiemiak, La Justice soviétique (Rome, 1945).

4. D. J. Dallin and B. I. Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union (London, 1948).

5. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Justice (London, 1951), passim.

6. Dekrety Sovetskoy vlasti (Moscow, 1964), vol. 3, pp. 291–92.

7. See Simon Wolin and Robert M. Slusser, The Soviet Secret Police (New York, 1957), p. 42.

8. Vsya Rossiya (Moscow, 1923), pt. 3, col. 55.

9. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, p. 225.