The Invention of Nature

‘locusts’ that destroyed: Bolívar, The Cartagena Manifesto, 15 December 1812, Bolívar 2003, p.10.

27

‘March! Either you’: Bolívar to Francisco Santander, May 1813, Arana 2013, p.139.

28

‘I must have 10,000’: Bolívar to Francisco Santander, 22 December 1819, Lecuna 1951, vol.1, p.215.

29

drafted constitution and delay for lovers: Arana 2013, pp.184, 222.

30

‘poetry of motion’: Bolívar, Method to be employed in the education of my nephew Fernando Bolívar,

c

.1822, Bolívar 2003, p.206.

31

‘ferocious’ when irritated: O’Leary 1969, p.30.

32

Bolívar’s printing press: Arana 2013, p.243.

33

Bolívar sharp and dictating: O’Leary 1969, p.30.

34

‘I deliberated, reflected’: Arana 2013, p.244.

35

entered Mérida: Ibid., p.140ff.

36

‘War to the Death’: Bolívar, Decree of War to the Death, 15 June 1813, Bolívar 2003, p.114; Langley 1996, p.187ff.; Lynch 2006, p.73.

37

‘Your liberators have’: Bolívar, Proclamation of General of Army of Liberation, 8 August 1813, Lynch 2006, p.76.

38

‘Legions of Hell’: Arana 2013, p.151.

39

Boves killed 80,000, Ibid., p.165; see also Lynch 2006, p.82ff.; Langley 1996, p.188ff.

40

‘Towns that had’: Arana 2013, p.165.

41

‘hatred of one caste’: AH to Jefferson, 20 December 1811, TJ RS Papers, vol.4, p.354.

42

Spanish armada: Arana 2013, pp.170–71; Langley 1996, p.191.

43

‘The most beautiful half’: Bolívar to Lord Wellesley, 27 May 1815, Bolívar 2003, p.154.

44

‘dominions of Spain’: James Madison, Proclamation Number 21, 1 September 1815, ‘Warning Against Unauthorized Military Expedition Against the Dominions of Spain’.

45

‘among birds, beasts’: John Adams to James Lloyd, 27 March 1815, Adams 1856, vol.10, p.14.

46

‘priest-ridden’ society: Jefferson to AH, 6 December 1813, TJ RS Papers, vol.7, p.29.

47

‘enchained their minds’: Jefferson to Tadeusz Kosciuszko, 16 April 1811; see also Jefferson to Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, 15 April 1811, TJ RS Papers vol.3, pp.560, 566; Jefferson to Lafayette, 30 November 1813, ibid., vol.7, p.14.

48

AH’s influence ‘is greater than that’: Winfield Scott to James Monroe, 18 November 1815. Monroe forwarded this letter to Jefferson. James Monroe to Jefferson, 22 January 1816, ibid., vol.9, p.392.

49

‘so shamefully unknown’: Jefferson to AH, 13 June 1817; see also 6 June 1809, Terra 1959, pp.789, 794.

50

Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain:

First published in French (from 1808) but immediately followed by German (from 1809) and English editions (from 1811).

51

AH’s books for Jefferson: Jefferson to AH, 6 March 1809, 14 April 1811, 6 December 1813; AH to Jefferson, 12 June 1809, 23 September 1810, 20 December 1811; William Gray to Jefferson, 18 May 1811, TJ RS Papers, vol.1, pp.24, 266, vol.3, pp.108, 553, 623, vol.4, pp.353–4, vol.7, p.29.

52

‘We have little knowledge’: Jefferson to AH, 6 December 1813, ibid., vol.7, p.30; see also Jefferson to AH, 13 June 1817, Terra 1959, p.794.

53

‘what is practicable’: Jefferson to Lafayette, 14 May 1817, DLC.

54

‘single mass they’: Jefferson to James Monroe, 4 February 1816, TJ RS Papers, vol.9, p.444.

55

Bolívar mentioned AH’s books: Bolívar, Letter from Jamaica, 6 September 1815, Bolívar 2003, p.12; for Bolívar’s library, see Bolívar 1929, vol.7, p.156.

56

‘fatigue the attention’: John Black, Preface by the Translator, AH New Spain 1811, vol.1, p.v.

57

‘independent sentiments’: AH to Jefferson, 23 September 1810, TJ RS Papers, vol.3, p.108.

58

Spanish incited hatred: AH New Spain 1811, vol.1, p.196.

59

‘culpable fanaticism’: Ibid., p.178.

60

exploitation raw materials: Ibid., vol.3, p.456.

61

ruthless and suspicious: Ibid., p.455.

62

‘abuse of power’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.3.

63

‘freed from the fetters’: AH New Spain 1811, vol.3, p.390.

64

‘European barbarity’: AH, 30 March 1801, AH Diary 2003, vol.1, p.55.

65

Humboldt’s knowledge encyclopaedic: Bolívar, Letter from Jamaica, 6 September 1815, Bolívar 2003, p.12.

66

‘never satisfy the lust’: Ibid., p.20.

67

‘entire provinces are’: Bolívar to Lord Wellesley, 27 May 1815, Bolívar 2003, p.154

68

AH and rich harvest: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, p.79.

69

‘abundantly endowed’: Bolívar, Letter from Jamaica, 6 September 1815, Bolívar 2003, p.20.

70

AH and vices of feudal government: AH New Spain 1811, vol.3, p.101.

71

‘a kind of feudal’: Bolívar, Letter from Jamaica, 6 September 1815, Bolívar 2003, p.20.

72

‘the chains have’: Ibid., p.13.

73

for Pétion, Bolívar and slavery: Langley 1996, pp.194–7.

74

slavery as ‘daughter of darkness’: Bolívar, Speech to the Congress of Angostura, 15 February 1819, Bolívar 2003, p.34.

75

Bolívar declared freedom for slaves: Bolívar, Decree for the Emancipation of the Slaves, 2 June 1816, Bolívar 2003, p.177.

76

a ‘black veil’: Bolívar, Speech to the Congress of Angostura, 15 February 1819, Bolívar 2003, p.51.

77

Bolívar, his slaves, and constitution: Langley 1996, p.195; Lynch 2006, pp.151–3.

78

AH on Bolívar’s anti-slavery: AH to Bolívar, 28 November 1825, Minguet 1986, p.751. AH referred to Bolívar in AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.6, p.839; AH Cuba 2011, p.147.

79