The Invention of Nature

José Antonio Páez: Langley 1996, pp.196–200; Arana 2013, p.194ff.

80

‘Iron Ass’ and Bolívar’s strength: Arana 2013, pp.208–10.

81

Bolívar’s appearance: Ibid., pp.3, 227.

82

Congress at Angostura: Lynch 2006, p.119ff.

83

unity of race and colonies: Bolívar, Speech to the Congress of Angostura, 15 February 1819, Bolívar 2003, pp.38–9, 53.

84

‘splendour and vitality’: Ibid., p.53.

85

‘so bountifully provided’: ,Ibid.

86

‘plaything of the revolutionary’: Ibid., p.31.

87

Bolívar crossing continent: Arana 2013, pp.230–32; Lynch 2006, pp.127–9.

88

veterans from Napoleonic Wars: Arana 2013, p.220; Lynch 2006, pp.122–4.

89

army crossing Andes: Arana 2013, pp.230–32; Lynch 2006, pp.127–8.

90

Battle of Boyacá: Arana 2013, pp.233–5; Lynch 2006, pp.129–30.

91

‘lightning bolt’: Arana 2013, p.235.

92

Bolívar towards Quito: Arana 2013, pp.284–8; Lynch 2006, pp.170–71.

93

‘generous in gifts’: O’Leary 1879–88, vol.2, p.146.

94

Bolívar’s poem: Clark and Lubrich 2012, pp.67–8; the first known copy of the poem was dated 13 October 1822 and it was first published in 1833, Lynch 2006, p.320, note 14.

95

‘I grasp the eternal’: Bolívar, ‘My Delirium on Chimborazo’, Clark and Lubrich 2012, p.68.

96

‘the tremendous voice of Colombia’: Ibid.

97

‘majesty’ of New World: Bolívar, Speech to the Congress of Angostura, 15 February 1819, Bolívar 2003, p.53.

98

‘Come to Chimborazo’: Bolívar to Simón Rodríguez, 19 January 1824, Arana 2013, p.293.

99

‘the throne of nature’: Ibid.

100 Bolívar at height of fame: Arana 2013, p.288.

101 ‘a colossus’: Bolívar to General Bernardo O’Higgins, 8 January 1822, Lecuna 1951, vol.1, p.289.

102 ‘uprooted’ him: Bolívar to AH, 10 November 1821, Minguet 1986, p.749.

103 ‘discoverer of the New’: Bolívar to Madame Bonpland, 23 October 1823, Rippy and Brann 1947, p.701.

104 ‘a great volcano lies’: Bolívar to José Antonio Páez, 8 August 1826, Pratt 1992, p.141.

105 ‘precious plant’: Bolívar to Pedro Olañeta, 21 May 1824.

106 ‘tottering on the’: Bolívar, A Glance at Spanish America, 1829, Bolívar 2003, p.101.

107 ‘drown in the ocean’: Bolívar, Manifesto in Bogotá, 20 January 1830, ibid., p.144.

108 ‘ready to explode’: Bolívar to P. Gual, 24 May 1821, Arana 2013, p.268.

109 ‘volcanic terrain’: Bolívar to General Juan José Flores, 9 November 1830, Bolívar 2003, p.147.

110 Bolívar a dreamer: AH to Daniel F. O’Leary, 1853, Beck 1969, p.266.

111 ‘founder of your beautiful’: AH to Bolívar, 29 July 1822, Minguet 1986, p.750.

112 ‘I reiterate my vow’; Ibid.

113 ‘degeneracy of America’: Jefferson 1982; Cohen 1995, pp.72–9; Thomson 2008, pp.54–72; French scientists were Comte de Buffon, Abbé Raynal and Cornélius de Pauw.

114 ‘shrink and diminish’: Buffon, in Martin 1952, p.157.

115 savages were ‘feeble’: Buffon, in Thomson 2012, p.12.

116 ‘larger in America’: And list of measurements, Jefferson 1982, pp.50–52, 53.

117 ‘could walk under’: TJ in conversation with Daniel Webster, December 1824, Webster 1903, vol. 1, p.371.

118 Jefferson’s moose: Thomson 2012, pp.10–11.

119 ‘the heaviest weights’: Jefferson to Thomas Walker, 25 September 1783, TJ Papers, vol.6, p.340; see also Wulf 2011, pp.67–70.

120 mastodon to Paris: TJ to Bernard Germain de Lacépède, 14 July 1808, DLC.

121 ‘Let both parties’ (footnote): TJ to Robert Walsh, 4 December 1818, with Anecdotes about Benjamin Franklin, DLC.

122 ‘Buffon was entirely’: AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.3, pp.70–71; and AH Cosmos 1845–52, vol.2, p.64; AH Kosmos 1845–50, vol.2, p.66.

123 Caribs like bronze statues: AH to WH, 21 September 1801, AH WH Letters 1880, p.30; see also AH, 1800, Notes on Caribs, AH Diary 2000, p.341.

124 manuscripts and languages: AH to WH, 25 November 1802, AH WH Letters 1880, pp.50–53.

125 ‘flattered the vanity’: AH New Spain 1811, vol.3, p.48; for Bolívar’s copy of AH New Spain 1811, see Bolívar 1929, vol.7, p.156.

126 ‘M. de Humboldt observes’: Morning Chronicle, 4 September 1818 and 14 November 1817.

127 ‘done America more’: Bolívar to Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, 22 October 1823, Rippy and Brann 1947, p.701.

128 ‘You will also discover’: Bolívar, Message to Constituent Congress of the Republic of Colombia, 20 January 1830, Bolívar, 2003, p.103

Chapter 13: London

1

‘thoughtlessly looked at them’: AH to Heinrich Berghaus, 24 November 1828, AH Berghaus Letters 1863, vol.1, p.208.

2

AH and more expeditions: AH to Académie des Sciences, 21 June 1803 and AH to Karsten, 1 February 1805, Bruhns 1873, vol.1, pp.327, 350; AH to Johann Friedrich von Cotta, 24 January 1805, AH Cotta Letters 2009, p.63.

3

‘One soon grows tired’: Goethe,

Faust

I, Outside the Town Wall, Act 1, Scene 5, line 1102ff (trans. Luke 2008, p.35).

4

‘cruelty of the Europeans’: AH New Spain 1811, vol.1, p.98.

5

‘unequal struggle’: Ibid., pp.104, 123.

6

AH in London 1814: WH to CH, 5 June 1814; 14 June 1814; 18 June 1814, WH CH Letters 1910–16, vol.4, pp.345, 351ff., 354–5; AH to Helen Maria Williams, 22 June 1814, Koninklijk Huisarchief, The Hague (copy at Alexander-von-Humboldt-Forschungstelle, Berlin).

7