The Invention of Nature

‘assiduous husbandry’: Marsh to Caroline Estcourt, 28 March 1851, Marsh 1888, vol.1, p.215; see also Marsh, ‘The Study of Nature’,

Christian Examiner

, 1860, Marsh 2001, p.86.

50

‘nature in the shorn’: Marsh 1857, p.11.

51

‘Man is everywhere’: Marsh 1864, p.36.

52

all the forests’: Ibid., p.234.

53

US agriculture and manufacture: Johnson 1999, pp.361, 531.

54

Marsh began

Man and Nature

: Marsh to Spencer Fullerton Baird, 10, 16 and 21 May 1860, Marsh 1888, vol.1, pp.420–22.

55

raising Chicago:

Chicago Daily Tribune

, 26 January 1858, 7 February 1866.

56

empty rivers and lakes: Marsh 1857, pp.12–15; Marsh 1864, pp.107–8.

57

statistics on fish and timber: Marsh 1864, pp.106, 251–7.

58

cash crops: Ibid., p.278.

59

size of fields for meat diet: Ibid., pp.277–8.

60

‘small duties & large’: Marsh to Francis Lieber, 12 April 1860; for Marsh’s finances, Marsh 1888, vol.1, p.362; Lowenthal 2003, pp.155ff., 199.

61

‘I wish I was 30 years’: Marsh to Francis Lieber, 3 June 1859, UVM.

62

‘I could not survive’: Marsh to Charles D. Drake, 1 April 1861, Marsh 1888, vol.1, p.429.

63

preparations for Italy: Lowenthal 2003, p.219.

64

Marsh’s speech at Burlington: Benedict 1888, vol.1, pp.20–21.

65

Marsh departure from US: Lowenthal 2003, p.219; they arrived in Turin on 7 June 1861, see Caroline Marsh, 7 June 1861, Caroline Marsh Journal, NYPL, p.1.

66

Marsh, Garibaldi, Union forces: Lowenthal 2003, p.238ff.

67

Marsh and Riscasoli: Caroline Marsh, winter 1861, Caroline Marsh Journal, NYPL, p.71.

68

‘I have been entirely disappointed’: Marsh to Henry and Maria Buell Hickok, 14 January 1862; Marsh to William H. Seward, 12 May 1864, Lowenthal 2003, p.252; see also Caroline Marsh, 17 September 1861, 5 January 1862, 26 December 1862, 17 January 1863, Caroline Marsh Journal, NYPL, pp.43, 94, 99, 107.

69

excursions: Caroline Marsh, 15 February, 25 March 1862, Caroline Marsh Journal, NYPL, pp.128, 148.

70

‘ice-mad’: Marsh to Spencer Fullerton Baird, 21 November 1864, UVM.

71

‘I am not a bad climber’: Ibid.

72

‘We stole an hour’: Caroline Marsh, 10 March 1862; see also 11 March, 24 March and 1 April 1862, Caroline Marsh Journal, NYPL, pp.143–4, 148, 151.

73

‘a crime’ against nature: Caroline Marsh, 7 April 1862, ibid., p.157.

74

writing

Man and Nature

: Caroline Marsh, 14 April 1862 and 2 April 1863, ibid., pp.154, 217; Lowenthal 2003, pp.270–73; see also Marsh to Charles Eliot Norton, 17 October 1863, UVM.

75

‘rather knocked out’: Caroline Marsh, 1 April 1862, Caroline Marsh Journal, NYPL, p.151.

76

commit a ‘libricide’: Caroline about Marsh, Lowenthal 2003, p.272.

77

‘I do this’: Marsh to Charles Eliot Norton, 17 October 1863, UVM.

78

‘Man the Disturber’: Charles Scribner to Marsh, 7 July 1863; Marsh to Charles Scribner 10 September 1863, Marsh 1864, p.xxviii.

79

‘I shall steal’: Marsh to Spencer Fullerton Baird, 21 May 1860, Marsh 1888, vol.1, p.422.

80

Marsh references to AH: Marsh 1864, pp.13–14, 68, 75, 91,128, 145, 175ff.

81

man’s interference with nature: For hats and beavers, see Marsh 1864, pp.76–7; birds and insects, pp.34, 39, 79ff.; wolves, p.76; Boston aqueduct, p.92.

82

‘All nature is linked’: Ibid., p.96.

83

for ‘consumption’: Ibid., p.36.

84

extinction of animals and plants: Ibid., pp.64ff., 77ff., 96ff.

85

‘arid desert’ (footnote): AH, 4 March 1800, AH Diary 2000, p.217; AH Personal Narrative 1814–29, vol.4, p.154.

86

irrigation: Marsh 1864, pp.322, 324.

87

‘shattered surface’: Marsh 1864, Ibid., p.43.

88

Marsh on European landscape: Marsh to Spencer Fullerton Baird, 23 August 1850, July 1852, Marsh 1888, vol.1, p.174, 280; Marsh 1864, p.9, 19.

89

‘a desolation almost’: Marsh 1864, p.42.

90

Roman Empire: Marsh, ‘Oration before the New Hampshire State Agricultural Society’, 10 October 1856, Marsh 2001, pp.36–7; Lowenthal 2003, p.x; Marsh 1864, p.xxiv.

91

‘Let us be wise’: Marsh 1864, p.198.

92

‘We can never know’: Ibid., pp.91–2; see also p110.

93

‘

homo sapiens Europae’:

Ibid., p.46.

94

Madison and AH: AH sent his books to Madison; see David Warden to James Madison, 2 December 1811, Madison Papers PS, vol.4, p.48; Madison to AH, 30 November 1830, Terra 1959, p.799.

95

Madison’s speech: Madison, Address to the Agricultural Society of Albemarle, 12 May 1818, Madison Papers RS, vol.1, pp.260–83; Wulf 2011, p.204ff.

96

Bolívar’s decree: Bolívar, Decree, 19 December 1825, Bolívar 2009, p.258.

97

‘Measures for the Protection’: Bolívar, Measures for the Protection and Wise Use of the National Forests, 31 July 1829, Bolívar 2003, pp.199–200.

98

AH and quinine harvest: AH Aspects 1849, vol.2, p.268; AH Views 2014, p.268; AH Ansichten 1849, vol.2, p.319; AH, 23–28 July 1802, AH Diary 2003, vol.2, pp.126–30.

99

Bolívar and tree removal (footnote): Bolívar, Decree, 31 July 1829, Bolívar 2009, p.351; O’Leary 1879–8, vol.2, p.363.

100 ‘In Wildness is the’: Thoreau, ‘Walking’, 1862 (first delivered as lecture in April 1851), Thoreau Excursion and Poems 1906, p.224.

101 ‘inalienable forever’: Thoreau, 15 October 1859, Thoreau Journal 1906, vol.12, p.387.