Кто мы? Вызовы американской национальной идентичности

²¹⁵ Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1992), p.43; Nathan Glazer, We Are All Multiculturalists Now (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997).

²¹⁶ Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper, 1944), p. 4.

²¹⁷ Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Lecture on the Times”, in Emerson, Prose Works (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1870), vol. 1, p. 149.

²¹⁸ Andrew Kull, The Color-Blind Constitution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992), p. 1–2, 146–148; U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, Equal Protection of the Laws in Higher Education, 1960 (Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1960), p. 148.

²¹⁹ Senator Hubert Humphrey, 110 Congressional Record

, 1964, p. 6548–49, quoted in Edward J. Erler, “The Future of Civil Rights: Affirmative Action Redivivus”, Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy, 11 (1997), p. 26.

²²⁰ Kull, Color-Blind Constitution, p. 202; Hugh Davis Graham, The Civil Rights Erea: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960–1972 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 150; Herman Belz, Equality Transformed: A Quarter Century of Affirmative Action (New Brunswick: Translation, 1991), p. 25; Nathan Glazer, Ethnic Dilemmas, 1964–1982 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1983), p. 162.

²²¹ Bayard Rustin, “From Protest to Politics: The Future of the Civil Rights Movement”, Commentary, 39 (Feb. 1965), p. 27; Glazer, Ethnic Dilemmas, p. 161–162.

²²² Graham, Civil Rights Era, p. 250; Glazer, Ethnic Dilemmas

, p. 262; Kull, Color-Blind Constitution, p. 200–203, quoting Labor Department regulations.

²²³ Kull, Color-Blind Constitution, p. 204–205; Belz, Equality Transformed, p. 51, 55

²²⁴ Kull, Color-Blind Constitution, p. 214–16.

²²⁵ Jack Citrin, “Affirmative Action in the People’s Court”, The Public Interest, 122 (Winter 1996), p. 46; Seymour Martin Lipset, “Affirmative Action and the American Creed”, Wilson Quarterly, 16 (Winter 1992), p. 59.

²²⁶ Richard Kahlenberg, “Bob Dole’s Colorblind Injustice”, Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 10–16 June 1996, p. 24; Stephan Thernstrom and Abigail Thernstrom, America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible

(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), p. 452; New York Times, 1 June 2001, p. A17.

²²⁷ Lieberman quoted in New York Times, 10 March 1995, p. A16; John Fonte, “Why There Is A Culture War: Gramsci and Tocqueville in America”, Policy Review, 104 (December 2000 and January 2001), p. 21.

²²⁸ Connerly quoted in Fonte, “Why There Is A Culture War”, p. 21; Ward Connerly, Creating Equal: My Fight Against Race Preferences (San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2000), p. 228.

²²⁹ Seymour Martin Lipset, “Equal Chances versus Equal Results”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 523 (September 1992), p. 66–67.

²³⁰ Lipset, “Affirmative Action and the American Creed”, p. 58; Washington Post, 11 October 1995, p. A11; Citrin, “Affirmative Action in the People’s Court”, p. 43; William Raspberry, “What Actions are Affirmative?” Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 28 August-3 September, 1995, p. 28; Citrin, “Affirmative Action in the People’s Court”, p. 41.

²³¹

Citrin, “Affirmative Action in the People’s Court”, p. 43.

²³² Ibid.; Boston Globe, 30 April 1997, p. A19.

²³³ Thernstrom and Thernstrom, America in Black and White, p. 437; City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company, 488 U.S. 469 (1989).

²³⁴ Thernstrom and Thernstrom, America in Black and White, p. 456–459.

²³⁵ Washington Post/Kaiser Family Foundation/Harvard University, “Race and Ethnicity in 2001: Attitudes, Perceptions, and Experiences”, (August 2001); Princeton Survey Research Associates poll, January 2003; Jennifer Barrett, “Newsweek Poll: Bush Loses Ground”, Newsweek, 14 February 2003, online; Jonathan Chait, “Pol Tested”, New Republic, 3 February 2003, p. 14.