Lingwa De Planeta (Lidepla) Grammar With Examples

éuro — euro

In the combinations "ai", "ei", "oi" — "i" is not stressed:

máini — to mean

fáil — file

bréin — brain

méil — mail

asteróida — asteroid

There are 4 consonant endings which are never stressed. These are -en, -us, -um, -er:

ínen — inside

íven — even

désnen — to the right of

vírus — virus

fórum — forum

sírkum — around

ínter — between

kompyúter — computer

The endings of nouns and adjectives -ik-, -ul- are unstressed:

gramátika

pedagógika

públika

Áfrika

Amérika

polítike

lógike

únike

psikológike

stímula

ángula

This doesn't apply to compound words with -fula like handafúla handful.

Non-standard stress is indicated through a doubled vowel:

kwantitaa — quantity

kwalitaa — quality

(and all abstract nouns derived from adjectives via the stressed suffix -(i)taa)

namastee — hello

adyoo — good-bye

bifoo — before

malgree — in spite of

shosee — highway

milyoo — milieu

The use of a doubled vowel is justified by that the stress in LdP is basically quantitative. A doubled vowel in a word without other vowels (like in 'zoo') is not regarded to be a stress mark.

Stress and word formation

In any derivation the stress of the basic word isn't shifted. It means that, for example, the plural endings -(e)s, the adverb suffix -em and the noun suffix -ing do not change stress:

kórdias — hearts

naturálem — naturally (from naturále — natural)

físhing — fishing (from físhi — to fish)

Only few suffixes beginning with a vowel are exceptions to this rule:

-isi, -ifi (glúbe — glubísi, glubífi)

-inka (snéga — snegínka)

-ina (dóga — dogína)

-ista (dénta — dentísta)

-(t)ive (ákti — aktíve)

-ale, -are (ménta — mentále, pol — poláre),

as well as the aforementioned stressed suffix -(i)taa.

Compound words retain the stress of their components:

auslándajén — foreigner

jánmalánda — native land, homeland

Suffixes beginning with a consonant may receive a secondary stress:

gínalík — womanly (from gína — woman)

kúsishíl — tending to bite (from kúsi — to bite)

ófnitúl — opener

vídibíle — visible

A text with stress indicated

Bashán om humanístike transfórma de sosietáa

Namastée, káre amígas!

Me jói sinsérem por vídi yu, me jói ke nu es snóva pa húnta e ke nu mog diréktem diskúsi kwéstas kel agíti nu óli.

Probléma, ke nu zun durán yo pyú kem shi yar, es do tal natúra, ke ye óltáim pyú de sey kwéstas e li bikám óltáim pyú agúde.

In may repórta sedéy me wud yáo detalísi plúri prinsíp-ney tésa prisénti-ney bay me in pási-ney yar.

Dan, al konklúsi may bugrán bashán, me shwo-te, ke fo nu es tótem evidénte ke humanístike transfórma de sosietáa es buevítibíle.

Pronouns and Related Words

Personal pronouns

me nu yu yu ta (lu, ela)

it li

me — I

yu — you (sg., pl.)

ta — he, she, it (common for animate)

lu — he

ela — she

it — it (inanimate)

nu — we

li — they

Pronoun yu

General pronoun for 2nd person. If it's necessary to stress that you address a group, not a single person, you can use combinations like “yu oli” (you all), “yu ambi” (you both), “yu tri” (you three). Also it's possible to use "yu un" (you one) to clarify that you've switched from a group to an individual.

Pronoun ta

General pronoun for animate objects in 3rd person singular:

Kwo ta shwo? — What does he/she say?

Me vidi ta. — I see him/her (or an animal).

Es doga. Ta nami Sharik — It's a dog. Its name is Sharik.

This pronoun can be used instead of lu and ela, which is comfortable for native speakers of languages without genders and special pronouns for "he" and "she" (e. g., Chinese, Finnish). Besides, it is convenient to use this pronoun in situations when the gender of a person is not defined exactly:

Es sempre hao si jen jan kwo ta yao. — It is always good when a man (or it may be a woman as well) knows what he/she wants.

Pronoun it

The pronoun it relates to inanimate objects:

Se es auto. It go kway. — This is a car. It goes fast.

It does not have the meaning "this, that" (as reference to the actions, conditions or events mentioned in the preceding or following statement); these meanings are expressed by pronouns "se" (this) and "to" (that):

Me jan to. — I know that. ("Me jan it" would mean "I know it (something inanimate)").

Declension of personal pronouns

Personal pronouns are invariable:

Me jan ke yu lubi me. — I know that you love me.

Me dumi mucho om yu. — I think much about you.

Ob yu dumi-te mucho om me? — Did you think much about me?

Ela lubi lu. — She loves him.

Lu lubi ela. — He loves her.

The dative case is marked with the preposition "a":