The Great Terror

163. Kostiuk, Okayanni Roki, pp. 150, 156; A. Ryabov, Tridsat’ pyatyi i drugye gody (Moscow, 1989), pp. 246–47; Izvestiya TsK KPSS, no. 8 (1989); “Rodsvenniki G. E. Zinovieva postradalshie ot repressiy” (samizdat manuscript).

164. Kostiuk, Okayanni Roki, p. 154.

165. Margarete [Buber] Neumann, Under Two Dictators (London, 1949), pp. 151ff.

166. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” p. 63.

167. Zinoviev Trial, p. 19.

168. Ibid., p. 20.

169. Ibid., p. 31.

170. Ibid., p. 33.

171. Ibid., p. 59.

172. Ibid., p. 67.

173. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, p. 179.

174. Joseph Berger, Shipwreck of a Generation

(London, 1971), pp. 96–97.

175. Isaac Deutscher, The Prophet Outcast (London, 1963), pp. 416–18.

176. D. J. Dallin and B. I. Nicolaevsky, Forced Labour in the Soviet Union (London, 1948), p. 39.

177. Roy Medvedev, On Stalin and Stalinism (Oxford, 1979), p. 117.

Chapter 5: The Problem of Confession

1. F. Beck and W. Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession (London, 1951), p. 38.

2. Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov, Stalin and the Soviet Communist Party (London, 1959), p. 138.

3. Raphael R. Abramovitch, The Soviet Revolution (London, 1962), p. 416.

4. Boris I. Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite (New York, 1965), p. 25.

5. Boris Souvarine, Stalin (London, 1949), pp. 362–63.

6. Pravda, 29 February 1928.

7. N. Valentinov [N. V. Volsky], quoted in Leonard Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (London, 1960), p. 381.

8. Valentinov, unpublished manuscript, quoted in Abramovitch, Soviet Revolution, p. 415.

9. Valentinov, quoted in Schapiro, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, p. 381.

10. Anton Ciliga, The Russian Enigma (London, 1940), p. 75.

11. Ibid., p. 85.

12. Arthur Koestler, Arrow in the Blue (London, 1945), vol. 2, p. 155.

13. Ciliga, Russian Enigma, p. 255.

14. Pravda, 15 December 1923.

15. Pravda, 18 January 1924.

16. Abramovitch, Soviet Revolution, p. 288.

17. XIV s”ezd Vsesoyuznoy kommunisticheskoy partii (b). Stenograficheskii otchet (Moscow, 1926).

18. See Souvarine, Stalin, p. 459.

19. Ibid., p. 440.

20. See Schapiro, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, pp. 294–95.

21. Angelica Balabanoff, Impressions of Lenin (Ann Arbor, Mich., 1964).

22. Zinoviev Trial, p. 133.

23. Pravda, 16 June 1933.

24. “Letter of an Old Bolshevik,” in Nicolaevsky, Power and the Soviet Elite, pp. 54–55•

25. Eugenia Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind (New York, 1967), pp. 105–6.

26. Nedelya

, 11–17 July 1988.

27. Arthur Koestler, Darkness at Noon (London, 1940), p. 242.

28. Beck and Godin, Russian Purge and the Extraction of Confession, p. 86.

29. Ibid.

30. A. Tairov, before the French “Commission Rogatoire,” cited in Dewey Commission, Not Guilty (New York, 1937), p. 370.

31. Koestler, Darkness at Noon, p. 183.

32. Bukharin Trial, pp. 777–78.

33. Alexander Orlov, The Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes (New York, 1953), pp. 117–118.

34. Victor Serge, From Lenin to Stalin (London, 1937), p. 145.

35. Orlov, Secret History of Stalin’s Crimes, pp. 145–46.

36. Ibid., p. 149.

37. Ciliga, Russian Enigma, p. 283.

38. Nedelya, 11–17 July 1988.

39. Pyatakov Trial, p. 204.

40. Nikita Khrushchev, concluding remarks to the XXIInd Party Congress.

41. Neva

, no. 10 (1988).

42. Nikita Khrushchev, Secret Speech.

43. Podem, December 1988.

44. Trud, 26 May 1988.

45. Victor Kravchenko, I Chose Justice (London, 1951), pp. 252–54.

46. Ibid., p. 169.

47. Ibid., p. 154.

48. Elizabeth Lermolo, Face of a Victim (New York, 1955), p. 44.

49. Kravchenko, I Chose Justice, pp. 169–70.

50. G. A. Tokaev, Betrayal of an Ideal (London, 1954), pp. 264–66.

51. For example, Margarete [Buberl Neumann, Under Two Dictators (London, 1949), p. 41; R. V. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs (London, 1965), p. 222; The Dark Side of the Moon (London, 1946); Ginzburg, Journey into the Whirlwind, p. 97.

52. Ivanov-Razumnik, Memoirs, p. 240.

53. Ibid., p. 253.